Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis, uncommon in the haplodiploid order hymenoptera. Thelytoky from the greek thelys female and tokos birth is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. Mortality rates for immature wasps, parasitism, and sex ratios the aim of this study was to examine the species composition and the abundance of solitary wasps that nest in preexisting cavities in the ilha anchieta state park, brazil. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary and ecological consequences. Ceraphronidae figure 1 acting as a hyperparasitoid of p. Here, we report on a new species of aphanogmus hymenoptera. So far, thelytoky has been convincingly demonstrated in the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis 1921, and for seven. Details two new species of phytophagous hymenoptera. The australian fauna has generally been poorly studied, particularly for the very speciose genera.
Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. The emergence of eusociality true sociality in several insect lineages represents one of the most successful evolutionary adaptations in the. Hymenoptera also happen to haplodiploid, which means that males are made from unfertilized eggs and thus carry one half of the maternal genotype only, whereas females are diploid derived half from mom and half from dad. New generic concepts are proposed for bassus fabricius, 1804 and hypsostypos baltazar, 1963. Morphological queens, both alate and dealate, were present in only 29 percent of the colonies.
Natural selection drives the evolution of ant life cycles program for. Two new species of phytophagous hymenoptera belonging to the families oryssidae and tenthredinidae, with notes on other sawflies. Thus the aim of present investigation is to work out the detailed cytological basis for automictic parthenogenesis in a. Of most relevance to the question of the evolu tion of social behaviour in the hymenoptera is the degree of relatedness among nestmates in primiti vely social species. To understand the diversification and key evolutionary transitions of hymenoptera, most notably from phytophagy to parasitoidism and predation and vice versa and from solitary to eusocial life, we inferred the phylogeny and divergence times of all major lineages of hymenoptera by analyzing 3,256 proteincoding genes in 173 insect species. Apr 03, 2017 hymenoptera sawflies, wasps, ants, and bees are one of four megadiverse insect orders, comprising more than 153,000 described and possibly up to one million undescribed extant species. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been observed in a small number of eusocial hymenopteran species. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring. The parthenogenesis eliminates the variation from the populations. A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a.
Hymenoptera ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies have a haplodiploid sexdetermination system. Jan 07, 20 female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. Starting from october 2006, a nonshaded 2000tree 15yearold organic coffee. However, little is known about how social cooperation. Subfamilies chardichilinae, microgasterinae and miracinae beitrage zur entomologie contributions to entomology 672. An important evolutionary characteristic of the formicine subfamily ponerinae is the occurrence of various alternative reproductive tactics within single species. This helps explain the abundance of eusocial genera within the order hymenoptera, including three separate origins within halcitid bees alone. Because males are produced by parthenogenesis they come from unfertilized eggs and thus only have one set of chromosomes, and females are produced from fertilized eggs, sisters from a singlymated mother share 75% of their. Mymaridae, larval parasitoids of ophelimus maskelli ashmead hymenoptera. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via thelytoky. A b isolation and dna barcode characterization of a permanent. Thelytokous parthenogenesis by queens in the dacetine ant.
The chances of parthenogenesis are rare since aim st all females are fertilized prior to their emergence from the host pupa. Summary laying workers of apis mellifera capensis escholtzproducing impatemate offspring are normal diploids with 2n 32 chromosomes. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera, annual. Aleyrodidae, was recently recorded in northern iran. The parthenogenesis is the best way of high rate of multiplication in certain insects, e. Review history for morphological variation of aphidius. Here we describe three new species of dolichogenidea from. Conditional use of sex and parthenogenesis for worker and queen production in ants pdf. They produce haploid males from unfertilized eggs arrhenotoky, a form of parthenogenesis. Many eusocial insects are in one order of insects the hymenoptera wasps see left, bees, and ants. The origins of eusociality in hymenoptera the insects. The hymenoptera is the only order besides the isoptera termites to have evolved complex social systems with division of labor.
Many types of injuries can cause different artifacts, which deserve attention of the forensic pathologists when evaluating corpses, either at the crime scene or during an autopsy ohshima, 2000. Independent colony founding was successful for a few queens. The origin and the age of injuries found on corpses may be important to help diagnose of causa mortis in forensic analysis kondo et al. However, we show here that these specimens represent males of the congeneric species m. Aphelinidae in french polynesia, with notes on egg parasitism of the glassywinged sharpshooter, homalodisca vitripennis germar hemiptera. Taxonomic papers describing single species are acceptable if the species has economic importance or provides new data on the biology or evolution of the genus or higher. First records of gonatocerus dolichocerus ashmead, palaeoneura sp. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in of described animal species, according to a 1984 study.
The species description will be published elsewhere buffington et al. In some subsocial and eusocial insects, parthenogenesis is often more prevalent than sexual reproduction. The cuticular hydrocarbons profiles in the colonial. Within eusocial hymenoptera, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is a widely. Dec 02, 2005 abstract thelyotokous biotype of eretmocerus mundus mercet hymenoptera. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and. Tachysphex antillarumis one of five species of this. Records of necrophagy by other species of agelaiaa.
Annals of the entomological society of america 816. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also. It can be induced in hymenoptera by the bacteria wolbachia and cardinium. Function and evolution of micrornas in eusocial hymenoptera. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide a comprehensive overview. Here, we document thelytokous reproduction by queens in the polygynous species pyramica membranifera. Only recently has it become clear that several species of eusocial hymenopterans regularly reproduce by. Three new species of dolichogenidea viereck hymenoptera. Journal of hymenoptera research publishes papers of high scientific quality reporting comprehensive research on all aspects of hymenoptera, including biology, behavior, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, genetics, and morphology. It is more common in invertebrates, like arthropods, but it can.
Braconidae hymenoptera in the collection of the institute of zoology, nas of azerbaijan republic part v. Hymenopterans, the membranewinged insects, include bees, ants, and a large number of other insect taxa collectively referred to as wasps. Although the genus mischocyttarus polistinae is a large group of neotropical eusocial wasps, the cuticular hydrocarbons were only investigated in a few species. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling, christian. Thelytoky is associated with a number of fascinating and novel reproductive systems. The genera of oriental agathidinae are revised and a fully illustrated dichotomous key is presented. The parasitoid deposited more eggs under 2nd and 3rd. The phenomenon of thelytoky, the asexual production of diploid female offspring, is being increasingly uncovered among the eusocial hymenoptera. Evolutionary history of the hymenoptera sciencedirect.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera antwiki. Platygastridae population in florida that targets fall armyworm lepidoptera. Record of postmortem injuries caused by the neotropical. Although apomixis is the most common form of parthenogenesis in diplodiploid arthropods, it is uncommon in the haplodiploid insect order hymenoptera. Taxonomic papers describing single species are acceptable if the species has economic importance or provides new data.
Reproductive biology of this biotype was studied as part of an evaluation of its potential for biological control of b. The parthenogenesis is the most simple, stable and easy process of reproduction. Relatedness among nestmates in a primitively social wasp. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. The monogamy hypothesis, formulated by jacobus boomsma in 2007, is currently the leading hypothesis concerning the initial evolution of eusociality in the hymenoptera. Thelytokous definition of thelytokous by merriamwebster. The ability to produce diploid offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among the hymenoptera and provides a challenge to the theories mentioned above that try to explain the maintenance of eusociality stern and foster 1997.
Ichneumonidae, a polyphagous parasite of the european pine shoot moth, rhyacionia buoliana schiff. However, in a few social hymenopterans, queens or workers are capable of producing diploid female offspring by thelytoky. Two new australian species of stethynium hymenoptera. In platythyrea punctata smith, 1858, queens, gamergates and parthenogenetic workers cooccur in the same species. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in lund, and one by a lectotype figure. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide. Species andor emergence type were determined based on yaras criteria 2004 concerning their ot ratio and emergence period. In contrast, thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been rarely confirmed in eusocial hymenoptera, although the number of recognized.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Influence of host tree on abundance of itoplectis conquisitor say hymenoptera. Taxonomy and genetics of the parthenogenetic mayfly. Request permission export citation add to favorites track citation. Data are presented on the typematerial representing the species described by linnaeus in his genera sphex, chrysis, vespa, apis and mutilla, the names here considered total 158. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant strumigenys. The subfamily microgastrinae contains an extraordinarily rich diversity of parasitoid wasps which parasitise larval lepidopterans. Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Hamilton proposed that eusociality arose in social hymenoptera by kin selection because of their interesting genetic sex determination trait of haplodiploidy. Braconidae hymenoptera in the collection of the institute. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens. An introduction to the diversity the order offers, and guidance on identification how to collect hymenoptera, and specifically trissolcus how to handle samples from the field how to correctly mount and label specimens new friends a challenge that. Comparisons of life histories between living species with different degrees of social behavior.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant mycocepurus smithii hymenoptera. Queens that emerged in the laboratory were kept with or without workers under laboratory conditions. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via. As parasitoids, predators, and pollinators, hymenoptera play a fundamental role in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems and are of substantial economic importance 1, 3. Revision of the oriental genera of agathidinae hymenoptera. Jun 16, 2010 thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species. Hymenoptera sawflies, wasps, ants, and bees are one of four megadiverse insect orders, comprising more than 153,000 described and possibly up to one million undescribed extant species 1, 2. Within eusocial hymenoptera, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is a widely distributed phenomenon, and the reproductive modes in ants are particularly diverse. Cynipidae kaori yara biodiversity division, national institute for agroenvironmental sciences tsukuba, ibaraki 305 8604, japan abstract.
Catkin galls, less then 2 mm in size, globular, verrucose, covered by hairs of various length. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Torymus sinensis torymidae and, introduced and indigenous t. Thelytoky is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs. In basal primitively eusocial wasps, the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the colonial recognition has been extensively studied in genus polistes polistinae and stenogastrinae. Abstractallozymes were used to examine population genetic structure and species boundaries in the clonal, obligately parthenogenetic centroptilum triangulifer and its sexual sister species centroptilum alamance from 3 sites in pennsylvania and 1 site in north carolina, usa. Morphological queens, both alate and dealate, were present in only 29 percent of the colonies collected in florida, but. The parthenogenesis supports the chromosome theory of inheritance. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. The data files for the keys published and stored on the publishers website and in earchives have the rights of first publication identified by its bibliography data, location and citation.
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis. Aphelinidae, a parasitoid of bemisia tabaci gennadius homoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in which diploid females are produced from unfertilized eggs, was recently reported for some ant species. Herbivory is common among the primitive hymenoptera suborder symphyta, in the gall wasps cynipidae, and in some of the ants and bees. Of course, queen inhibition of parthenogenetic worker reproduction is just one of many eusocial traits. The hymenoptera include famous examples of social insects, such as honeybees and true ants. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order hymenoptera.
Readers should cite the first published version and the day of accession in case they use future online versions of the same key. Hymenoptera sawflies, wasps, ants, and bees are one of four megadiverse insect orders, comprising more than 153,000 described and possibly up to one million undescribed extant species. Torymidae are introduced and indigenous natural enemies, respectively, of the chestnut gall wasp dryocosmus kuriphilus hymenoptera. According to estimates derived from the proposed phylogeny of the hymenoptera, eusociality has arisen independently in wasps, bees, and ants fig. Proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales. The evolution of queen control over worker reproduction in the. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant. Species of pediobius develop as primary or secondary endoparasitoids in eggs, larvae or pupae of other insects, and the host range is extensive boucek 1988. One such genus is dolichogenidea vierek, which in australia is known from only six described species. Abstract thelyotokous biotype of eretmocerus mundus mercet hymenoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant strumigenys rogeri hymenoptera. The predominance of female sex is noted in the population.
Holotype specimens in london, uppsala or stockholm represent 60 names. Observations on the nesting behavior oftachysphex antillarum hymenoptera. The origin location and year of collection of each wasp analyzed is provided in table 1. Arrhenotoky and haplodiploidy males are haploid and inherit a single set of chromosomes from their mother, whereas females are diploid and. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera annual.
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